Let R be a commutative ring without zero-divisor R is called a quasi-valuation ring if it contains a non-zero element a such that any non-zero element of R divides a power of a.

一个无 零 因子的交换环R称为拟赋值环，如果R中有一个非零元素a，使得R的任意非零元都整除a的 某个 方幂。

The Zero-divisor Graphs of R ( + ) M and R (?) I

R（+）M与R（？）I的 零 因子图