And as soon as you understand that and as soon as you stop thinking of a valid argument having true premises and true conclusion you will see what 's going on here .

只要你们明白，只要停止思考 有效 论点有，真前提和真结论，你们就明白了。

So you see that isn 't a valid argument the reason because is that the premise-it doesn 't matter how true the premise is it 's completely irrelevant to the conclusion isn 't it ?

所以你们看到这不是 有效 论点，因为前提，没关系，前提有多真，完全与结论无关，不是吗？

So if you negate that conclusion and took away the therefore if you negated that conclusion the set would be inconsistent wouldn 't it ? and that shows you that that 's a valid argument .

如果你否认结论，把所以拿掉，那么，如果你否认结论，这就不一致了，不是吗？这显示这是一个 有效 论点。

If we can show the conclusion of a valid argument-put your hand up-if we can show the conclusion of a valid argument is false what do we know ?

如果我们可以展示有效论点的结论-，举手，如果我们可以展示， 有效 论点的结论为假，我们知道什么？

And I am saying actually the discovery that the valid argument Is that the conclusion in which is false can be hugely important .

我说实际上发现那是 有效 论点，结论为假，可能很重要。

How can we get a valid argument form from talk of morality ?

我们怎样从道德的谈论中得到一个 有效 的 论点形式呢？

So what do we know ? This is a valid argument isn 't it ? yes ?

我们知道什么呢？这是个 有效 论点，不是吗？

This is a valid argument but it is very much a matter of degree .

这个 论据 是 成立的，但这是程度问题。

But if we put this together for a valid argument we get that is known to be false so we know either one of these got to be false .

但是如果我们一起放出这个，作为 有效 论点，我们知道的就为假，所以我们知道两者中的一个为假。

You you give me the definition of a valid argument .

你们给我一个 有效 论点的定义。

The only valid argument I can see for the iPhone not being the best is the AT & T requirement .

就我所知，iPhone唯一不能称为最好的 有效 论据，是AT&T的条件。

Student : Or do you mean if it 's a valid argument ?

学生：或者你的意思是如果是一个 有效 的 论点？

The one valid argument against egalitarian policies rests on a denial that all income and wealth originally belong to the state .

唯一 令人 信服的反对平等主义政策的观点，其 出发 点是否认所有收入和财富最初都归国家所有。

So again we have a deductively valid argument but it 's not deductively valid in actually we 're a lot further on in modal logical then we are in deontic logic .

所以我们有一个演绎的 有效 论点，但是这不是演绎有效的，实际上我们模态逻辑有很多要讲的，然后我们再讲道义逻辑。

And that 's what tells you whether the argument is valid or not So this is a deductively valid argument and this is a fallacy .

这是他告诉你结论是否有效，这是演绎 有效 的 论点，这是一个谬论。

Actually a valid argument doesn 't have true premises and true conclusion what is a valid argument ?

实际上一个 有效 论点没有真前提和真结论，什么是有效论点呢？

And valid argument with true premises Student : yes Prof : yep well done .

有效 论点有真前提，学生：好，教授：很好。

What you gave me wasn 't a valid argument do you have another one ?

你给我的不是一个 有效 的 论点，你们还有吗？

Student : That it 's an valid argument .

学生：这是个 有效 的 论点。

A valid inference ; a valid argument ; a valid contract ; a valid license .

合理的立论； 合理 的 论点；有效的合同；有效的执照。

So if we see the conclusion of a valid argument is false what do you know ? A little bit longer .

如果我们看到 有效 论点的结论为假，你们知道什么？有一点长。

Do you see how that is-if that 's a deductively valid argument it in the virtue of the meaning of the word wrong . Isn 't it ?

你们明白，如果那是一个演绎 有效 的 论点，它是通过错误这个词的意思，不是吗？

This is a deductively valid argument and its truth preserving and therefore it is very very useful .

这是个演绎的 有效 论点，保留了真理，所以非常有用。

That is not a valid argument or excuse .

那是一个不能令人 信服 的 理由或托辞。

Once you have got an valid argument you can add anything you like and it will still be valid .

一旦你有一个 有效 论点，你可以加任何东西，他依然有效。

You could have a valid argument in which the premises are false .

前提为假， 论点可能为真。

You are rational animals so somebody gets on politics and gives a circular argument that is long and combolluted and so on it is a valid argument and you hear that .

你们是理性动物，所以学政治的人，给出长而复杂的循环论点，这是个 有效 论点，你们听到了。

Now that looks like a deductively valid argument doesn 't it ?

这看起来像演绎 有效 的 论点，不是吗？

Okay does everyone see why this is a valid argument ?

大家都明白为什么这是 有效 论点了吧？

It 's only sound if it 's a valid argument and it has true premises .

如果是 有效 论点才会完好，他有真前提。