Much economic analysis of tax regimes focuses on the optimal system : the maximum marginal rate the balance between taxes on consumption and income the need to reduce loopholes and so on .

许多对税收体制的经济分析集中于优化系统：最大化边际税率，平衡 消费和收入之间的 税收，需要减少漏洞等等。

A carbon tax ― the term for taxes imposed on energy consumption ― has long been considered an effective way to reduce energy consumption and slash carbon emissions .

碳税指的是 对能源 消费征收的 各种 税收，人们很长一段时间以来认为，碳 税是减少能源消费和大幅削减碳排放的有效手段。

ECONOMISTS have long recognised the arguments for imposing special taxes on goods and services whose prices do not reflect the true social cost of their consumption .

经济学家早就意识到，对于那些不能通过价格真实反映社会 成本的商品或服务， 应该征收特别 税。

We have no taxes on general consumption .

香港没有一般 消费 税。

The result showed the control effect of cigarette excise taxes on cigarette consumption is more obvious while the smaller control efforts of the alcohol excise tax on alcohol consumption .

实证结果显示，卷烟消费 税 对卷烟 消费的调控效果较为明显，而酒消费税对酒消费的调控力度较小。

This chapter introduces the taxes related to automotive products during the transfer process ; a more detailed analysis focuses on automobile consumption tax fuel tax vehicle purchase tax and travel tax . Tax policy evaluation is carried out in two parts .

本章对汽车产品流转过程中主要相关 税种进行介绍，并主要 针对汽车 消费税、燃油税、车辆购置税和车船税进行了较详细地分析。

Why should developing countries that have difficulties in administering direct taxes and so rely more on land and consumption taxes not have low income taxes ?

那些在管理直接 税收方面有困难，因而更多 依赖于土地和 消费税的发展中国家，为什么不应拥有低收入税？

Nine studies assessed the impact of taxes on food consumption only 5 on consumption and body weight 4 on consumption and disease and6 on body weight only .

9项、5项、4项和6项研究仅分别评估了 税 对粮食 消费、对消费和体重、对消费和疾病、对体重的影响。

China has also agreed to undertake reforms on its tariffs and taxes on imported goods which will expand imports and domestic consumption .

中国也同意 对进口货物进行关税和 税务改革，这将扩大进口和国内 消费。

The effect of taxes on saving may be analyzed using the life-cycle model which assumes that people 's annual consumption and saving decisions are influenced by their lifetime resources .

税收 对储蓄地影响可用生命周期模型来分析。生命周期模型假定，人们的年度 消费 量储蓄决策受其一生资源的影响。

Jan.13 study published Wednesday by a Montreal business school using Canadian federal data suggested lowering tobacco taxes had little effect on consumption .

烟草在线据UPI报道编译蒙特利尔商业学院使用加拿大联邦数据，于1月13日公布的一项研究显示，降低 烟税 对 消费几乎没有什么影响。